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DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH: PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
CONNECTED SPEECH
dr Anna Hebda
Connected/fast/rapid/allegro speech
: casual, natural speech
Utterance
: a continuous, changing pattern of sound quality with associated features of quantity, pitch, and stress
Word
: an abstraction from a continuum of sound expected to be realized in phonetically different ways depending on the
context
Special context forms
: word forms typical of connected speech, resulting from the pressures of their sound environment or of the
accentual or rhythmic groups of which they form part
Coarticulation
: the influence of the phonetic features of a segment on the production of an adjacent segment
Connected speech features:
-
neutralization of weak forms
-
stress shift
-
fortis vs. lenis variations
-
nasality and labialisation
-
assimilation
-
elision (deletion)
-
liaison
-
juncture
(a) neutralization of weak forms: neutralization of words under weak stress
/
C
/ = unstressed are, a, her, or, of
The plays are poor.
He plays a poor man.
She wants her dog.
One or two of them are coming.
/
C^
/ = unstressed have, of
The boys of Eton fish.
The boys have eaten fish.
/
CZ
/ = unstressed are, or
Ten or under
Ten are under.
/
0C
/ = unstressed the, there
There seems a chance.
The seams are crooked.
/s/ = unstressed is, has, does
What’s he like?
What’s he lost?
/z/= unstressed is, has, does
Where’s he put it?
Where’s he going?
/
Cb
/ = unstressed as, has
How much has he done?
As much as he can
/
CV
/ = unstressed and, an
On and off
On an offchance
/n/ = unstressed and, not
Didn’t he do it?
He did and he didn’t
/d/ = unstressed had, would
I’d put it here.
1
(b) stress shift: when in a longer word there are both primary and secondary stress, the primary accent may be shifted back to the
syllable carrying secondary stress in connected speech if a strong stress follows closely
,thir’teen but ‘thirteen ‘pence
,West’minster but ‘Westminster ‘Abbey
or, when a strongly stressed syllable precedes, the secondary stress may be reduced to one of quality/quantity/rhythm without
pitchprominence
‘near West’minster
‘eight thir’teen
(c) fortis/lenis variations: wordfinal voiced fricatives may lose voicing before a voiceless (fortis) consonant at the beginning of
the following word
with thanks /
0
/ > /
=
/
was sent
/z/ > /s/
we’ve found /v/ > /f/
(d) nasality (anticipation/prolongation of the lowered velum position) and labialisation
/b/ or /v/ > /m/
/d/ or /z/ or /
0
/ > /n/
/g/ > /
:
/
e.g.
/d > n/
He wouldn’t do it
/hi w
§VV\ L]) \
/
/d > g >
:
/
He wouldn’t go
/hi w
(
nk g
W(
/
/d > b > m/ Good morning
/g
(U
m
;
:rn
:
/
/v > m/
You can have mine /j
(
k
:
h
¡U
m
IV
/
/z > n/
He doesn’t know
/hi d
A
nnt n
W(
/
/
0
> n/
to win the race
/t
C
w
V
VC ZM[
/
was, what, water (labialisation has become established here at an earlier stage in the development of English)
qualm, quaff /kw
-
:m/, /kw
;
:m/; /kw
-
:f/, /kw
;
:f/ (two pronunciations are permitted)
(e) assimilation (regressive vs. progressive)
¦
regressive
/t/ > /p/ before /p b m/
that pen
/
0¡X XMV
/
/t/ > /k/ before /k g/
that cup
/
0¡S SAX
/
/d/ > /b/ before /p b m/
good boy
/
O(J J;
/
/d/ > /g/ before /k g/
good girl
/
O(O O)T
/
/n/ > /m/ before /p b m/
ten boys
/
\MU J;b
/
/n/ > /
:
/ before /k g/
ten cups
/
\M: SAX[
/
/s/ > /
?
/ before /
? H e R
/
this shop
/
0? ?-)X
/
/z/ > /
6
/ before /
? H e R
/
those young men
/
0W(6 RA: UMV
/
When /t d n/ are adjacent in cluster either all or none of them undergo assimilation
Don’t be late
/
LW(UX JQ TM\
/
He won’t come
/
PQ _W(:S SAU
/
red and black
/
ZMJ U JT¡S
/
¦
Coalescence: /t d s z / + /j/ = /
H e ? 6
/
What you want
/
P_AH( _-)V\
/
Would you
/
_*e*
/
In case you need it
/
: SM?( VQ)L \
/
Has your letter…
[
P¡6;)
TMG
C
]
¦
progressive (relatively uncommon): a syllabic nasal assimilates to the same place of articulation as the preceding plosive
/n/ > /m/ after /p b m/ happen
/
P¡XU
/
/n/ > /
:
/ after /k g/
second chance
/
[MS: H¡V[
/
2
(f) elision
vocalic
Initial schwa may be elided when followed by a continuant and preceded by a wordfinal consonant, e.g.
not alone /
V-)\T TW(V
/
get another /
OM\V VA0
C
/
Final schwa may be elided when before linking r and a wordinitial vowel, e.g.
after a while
/
¡N\C P_I
C
T
/
consonantal
-
loss of initial /h/ in pronominal weak forms, e.g. him, her
-
loss of alveolars (esp. /t/ and /d/) from the middle of threeconsonant clusters, where /t/ is preceded by [ voice] and
/d/ by [+ voice], e.g. next day, last chance, drift by, moved back, bold face, kept quiet, looked fine etc.
-
elision of final /t d/ is rare before initial /h/ as in round here
-
/t/ of the negative /nt/ is frequently elided, particularly in disyllabic words before a following consonant, e.g. you
mustn’t lose it, Doesn’t she know?
-
in th sequence /skt/ /k/ rather than /t. is deleted, e.g. asked them
(g) liaison
linking r: etymological wordfinal postvocalic /r/ retained as a linking form after the penultimate /
C ) C MC (C -) ;)
/
when the following word begins with a vowel, as in four aces, wear out, answer it
intrusive r: unhistorical /r/ inserted (by analogy to linking r) after every /
;) -) C
/ ending and before a following word
initial vowel, e.g. Russia and China /
ZA?CZ CV HIVC
/, drama and music /
LZ¡UCZ CV UR])bS
/, idea of /
ILCZ
C^
/, Shah of Iran /
?-)Z C^ Z-)V
/
(h) juncture: the marking of word boundaries by phonetic cues
/
XQ)[\-)S[
/ peace talks reduced /i:/ in peace, aspirated /t/ in talks
pea stalks
long /i:/, unaspirated /t/
/
CVMU
/
a name
relatively long /n/
an aim
relatively short /n/, stress and pitch change begins on /
M
/
/
I[SQ)U
/ I scream
long /
I
/, strong /s/, unaspirated /k/
icecream
reduced /
I
/, devoiced /r/
(i) syllabicity (Syllabic Consonant Formation): a liquid/nasal may become syllabic when the preceding schwa from the same
syllable disappears
for /n/ to become syllabic, /
CV
/ from which schwa is deleted must be preceded by a C, e.g. /
PLV
/
for /l/ to become syllabic, /
CT
/ from which schwa is deleted must be preceded by at least one C ≠ /w j r/, e.g.
/
X-)[T
/
(j) glottaling: replacement of a segment by the glottal stop; /t/ is replaced by the glottal stop if:
-
it is followed by a C other than /h/
-
it is preceded by a sonorant
-
it follows the vowel in a syllable
not now /
V-)n VI(
/
at last /
Cn T¡[\
/
eight books /
Mn J(S[
/
button
/
JAnV
/
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