x - Text Book of Close Combat, sztuki walki, strongmen etc
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THE TEXT BOOK OF CLOSE COMBAT
CHAPTER's 1 and 2
First Steps in Offensive and Defensive Close Combat
General Warfare Tactics. For Public Information and Research Only.
Public Domain Information.
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This opening chapter will discuss the basic concepts and principles of close combat. These basic
subjects are essential reading for battle field survival.
Key Words
#Introduction
#The Adrenalin Rush and
The Shakes
#Warning
#To Blitzkrieg or to
Hammer
#Definitions
#Distracting the Opponent
#Secondary Pressure
Points
Chapter 2 - Intro
#First Steps
#Training Practice
#Fighting Distance
Fundamentals
#Standing Combat
#Fear Control
#Nerve Points
#Blocking And
Parrying
#Primary Pressure
Points
#Speed
#Hand Techniques
#Going Behind An
Opponent
#Grappling
#Basic Sparring Drill #Initiative
#Defensive Stances
#Basic Footwork
#Safety Rules
#Improvisation
#Foot Techniques
#The Stances
#Balance
#Impulsiveness
#Body Movement
#Quarter
#Unconventional
 #Dress
Techniques
#General Principles
#Drawing
#Ground Fighting
#Impact Effect
#Holding the
Opponent
#Bag Training
#Lethal Techniques
#Direct Attacks
#Holding a Weapon
#Kick Training
#Combat
Appreciation
(S.W.A.T.)
#Fighting Distances
#Emergency
Techniques
#Stepping Drills
#Training Sessions
#Revision Sessions
#Close Combat
Training
#Perfect or Practical
#Yoga Exercises
#Visualization
#Feinting
#Obstructive Practice
INTRODUCTION
Key Words
The purpose of this text book is to present the reader with both offensive and defensive examples of
close combat.
A very wide spectrum of techniques and tactics will be described in this text book. The original purpose
of this approach was to allow the reader to select techniques that suit them personally and also meet their
operational requirements.
The techniques described and illustrated in this text book have been used in general warfare by Western
states from the early 1900's onwards. These armies have always used close combat training programmes
for two main reasons;
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First, close combat training promotes fighting spirit and ruthless efficiency.
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Second, close combat training programmes are the solid foundations for self confidence on the
battle field.
Definitions
Key Words
Self Defence.
The amount of physical force used in self defence must be the minimum necessary to
protect either you or others. This degree of force should allow you to either escape, ward off or
neutralize an attack.
Close Combat.
To fight and oppose with little regard paid to minimum force requirements. The amount
of force used will depend on the operational aims. This may include neutralizing, disabling, capturing
and killing the enemy.
First Steps
Key Words
Whenever possible, text book and video studies must be complemented with "hands on training" from a
competent instructor. First hand accounts from combat veterans will also give more credence to the
training programme.
Standing Combat
Key Words
Join a boxing, karate or kung fu club and gain valuable contact experience. This must include the
practice of timing hits, judging distance, feinting, counter attacking and closing in for grappling
techniques. Do not spend to long learning the one style. Focusing on the one style will create a mind set
for that particular style. For example, focusing on boxing may cause you to miss the chance to either
kick or throw your opponent when that opportunity arises.
Grappling
Key Words
Join a club that specializes in either judo, jujitsu, sombo or wrestling. Here you will learn the
fundamentals of balance, break falling, strangling, choking, limb locking, the mount, the guard and
escapes. A good substitute for sound practical hands on instruction in these areas does not exist.
When you are fighting more than one opponent, grappling must be avoided. You will limit your chances
of survival if you allow yourself to be tied up by either applying or being caught in body holds or arm
lock.
A competent ground fighter can be defeated by any of the following quick and lethal tactics; gripping
the ear and chopping it off with the free hand, poking out eyes, chopping the front of the throat or eyes,
biting off ears, noses and cheeks.
Technical proficiency in either boxing or wrestling or any sport combat is not a requirement for battle
field combat. Half a brick or the edge of an entrenching tool to the nape of the neck will work much
faster than many years of karate training. The application of these tactics requires nothing more than the
will to survive.
Safety Rules
Key Words
Close combat training will, at some stage, incur physical injury. This is a fact of life in all areas of
combat training. Prior to any combat training, commanders are obliged to predict the expected loss rate
from training accidents. This will ensure that the programme starts with sufficient personnel to offset the
training losses.
Safety rules will help to reduce the accident rate in your training programme.
1. Basic training dress must include rubber soled boots, combat jacket and trousers and finally,
protective body guards. Always use commercial protective equipment that meets your training
requirements.
2. Prior to any training session, a thorough safety check must be made of all dress and equipment.
Always check the soles of all footwear and all clothing to ensure that there are no illegal or foreign
bodies attached. Also check that all pockets are empty and no one is wearing jewelry or badges.
3. When sparring, restrict all hand and foot attacks to well padded secondary pressure points. This
procedure will help to reduce training injuries and teach individuals to focus and control their attacks.
4. Establish prearranged signals for stopping all activity on the training floor. The signals can be either
verbal or non verbal. The most common signals in general use are either two taps on the training partner
or the floor or the shout "Stop!"
5. Before practising any technique, always ensure that those involved have a clear understanding of their
roles.
6. Practise all new techniques slowly until those involved can control that technique. Speed follows on
from a mastery of accuracy and control.
7. Never allow new training partners to either train or spar in your group. Give all new partners a
probation period that allows them to master the safety rules and basic techniques.
8. Competence in basic first aid is a necessary skill for all those taking part in close combat training.
Transport must also be available to take injured personnel to the nearest hospital.
9. No one is allowed to leave the training area without the permission of the instructor.
10. Any additions to these safety rules may be dependent on the operational requirements.
Balance
Key Words
All forms of combat have one common denominator, that is, balance. You must strive to maintain your
own equilibrium and try to unbalance your opponent, both mentally as well as physically. This will
make all your techniques much stronger and the opponents much weaker. The simple act of stepping out
of line from their line of attack will unbalance the opponent. If the opponent has grabbed at your upper
body, step back and out to the side to pull them off balance into a defensive mode. If the opponent grabs
at your wrist, the act of palm heeling their opposite shoulder will force them to over reach. This can lead
you to using a throwing technique.
Ground Fighting
Key Words
Training programmes should be structured so that equal amounts of time are devoted to both standing
and ground combat. There are three main reasons for this.
First, either you or your opponent may be punched, clubbed, swept or thrown to the ground.
Second, in some situations it may be more prudent to go down and attack the opponent's legs, knees,
groin, testicles or bladder.
Third, there is always the chance that both you and your opponent will go to the ground together.
If your experience in ground fighting is limited, then your survival will also be limited. The grounded
opponent is not necessarily overpowered or passive. This position can be used to launch many different
forms of crippling and lethal attacks that are banned in sport combat.
When you are fighting more than one person, your survival will be limited. Should you end up in the
grounded position, your survival is extremely limited. Offensive and defensive use of the group will be
discussed in other chapters.
Lethal Techniques
Key Words
Sport combat systems have excellent safety rules and safe contact techniques. Some of the techniques
used in sport combat can form the basis of your close combat repertoire.
Despite these facts, rigid adherence to the safety rules will produce combatants with limited practical
abilities. This is because the simplest and most lethal techniques in close combat remain unexplored and
unrehearsed.
The only way lethal techniques can be incorporated into your training programme is to either use slow
motion drills or direct the lethal strikes to well protected areas. Also, non-lethal pressure point attacks
can be directed to various parts of the body. These pressure point attacks can be used for both self
defence and for setting up lethal attacks. Strangle and choke holds, as well as limb locks can be applied
to the submission stage. This procedure will give you a safe and much more realistic approach to
practical close combat.
Fighting Distances
Key Words
In this text book on close combat, three ranges to be considered.
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Long range offensive and defensive styles are usually favored by the taller opponent. (See chapter
2)
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Close range offensive and defensive styles are usually favored by the shorter opponent or wrestler.
(See chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion.)
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Ground fighting is favored by the wrestler. It is also the last option open to the downed opponent.
(See chapter 13 for a more detailed discussion.)
Dress
Key Words
In a combat situation, you will be dressed and carrying equipment essential to the operational task.
Unless you have trained in this equipment, you may not be prepared to deal with this situation.
After you have mastered a set of techniques in basic training dress, you must rehearse in full operational
dress. This procedure will allow you to appreciate the limitations and restrictions that operational dress
and equipment can impose upon specific techniques.
Consideration should also be given to the operational dress worn by the enemy.
Fear Control
Key Words
Before any boxing match, boxers will experience the physical effects of their mental turmoil. The fear of
physical pain, humiliation, or losing the fight can induce many physical side effects.
For example, bowel movements will increase in frequency. There can also be incidences of vomiting or
trembling.
A detailed discussion on the physiological and psychological effects of battle field fear and its effects
would require a chapter on its own. This knowledge would not enhance your ability to cope with the
disruptive effects that fear can create.
Fear is much easier to deal with when it is accepted as mental and physical distress. This distress is
created by thinking about the impending combat and all the perceived dangers. Mental and physical
distress then creates a nervous energy that is very difficult to control. Paradoxically, this nervous energy
is also an essential aid to individual survival. The total control of fear is neither necessary, nor desirable.
The nervous energies created by fear will tense up the whole body and prepare it for either the fight or
the escape. When the human body is slightly tense, it can respond much faster than a relaxed body.
Physical tension also prepares the body for the impact of the opponent's attack. Simultaneously, fear will
increase the individual pain threshold. This allows the body to cope with more trauma than normal.
Blood flow to the surface of the skin is reduced. Because of this, bleeding from body wounds is also
reduced.
The stress of combat will also induce a mental tension. The opponent will be mentally focused on the
source of the problem and will be operating with a limited level of consciousness. Their attention will be
directed straight towards you. In this state, the opponent will be unable to hear or respond to advice from
any source. They will also be unable to see any activity that takes place outside their direct view.
Psychological research has shown that individual fears will peak before and after a battle. During the
battle, the majority of the combatants can focus on the operational task. Soldiers who are bonded
together with a team spirit, well led, believe their cause is just and properly trained, will find it much
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